Papers of Dr Peter Niblett on Computer Program Development
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- Ferranti Computer Systems Ltd Series of records relating to computer systems at Ferranti
TitlePapers of Dr Peter Niblett on Computer Program Development
ReferenceYA2001.286
CreatorNiblett, Peter D
Peter Niblett started in computing in 1956 when undertaking a PhD in Theoretical Physics at University College London. Having completed his PhD, he joined Ferranti on 16 June 1958 as a member of the Computer Research Group based first at Portland Place but then transferred to Bracknell. At Bracknell he worked on the development of the ASAC-M, Poseidon and F1600 Series computers and participated in many studies concerning the potential use of these machines in military real-time systems.
For some of this work he used the Ferranti Pegasus computer at the Admiralty Research Laboratory in Teddington. He was involved with the logic designer for the Poseidon and F1600 computers and in the generation of support software, such as bootstrap from paper tape program input routines and hardware test programs. It was during this time that Ferranti sold its commercial interests in the manufacture of computers to ICL and the Bracknell Division specialised in real-time systems for Ferranti. Peter Niblett was put in charge of all program development for the Bracknell Division at the start of a period of rapid growth.
During this time, Niblett’s team was involved in the setting-to-work of systems in shipyards during construction and at sea on formal trials. Niblett became concerned with the management of software development and the definition of standards and procedures. These standards were then used for operational program development to meet stringent demands from the Ministry of Defence. On the technical side he initiated the development of the FIXPAC (Fixed Point Autocode).
Dr Niblett was involved in the specification of real-time supervisors, the range of library routines and their comprehensive testing for accuracy. The growth of the internal computing facilities and their operation to meet the increasing need for program development time was a significant responsibility.
In 1974, it became necessary for the Bracknell Division to open offices in Cwmbran, South Wales. Niblett set up a programming operation there, which grew rapidly. He also undertook the provision of software development tools and hardware test programs for the whole of the Bracknell Division. In the early 1980s a Divisional reorganisation took place and a significant hardware development capability was brought to Cwmbran to support the whole of the Division.
Eventually Niblett ceased his line management role and became a Software Consultant, reporting directly to the Bracknell Divisional Manager. In this capacity he became more concerned with computer facilities for management as well as for technical staff as well as with many new technical developments such as Expert Systems and security issues. He also became involved with moves to maximise the benefits of closer cooperation between the Ferranti Bracknell and the Ferranti Wythenshawe technical staff. The Ferranti Company was in financial difficulties in the early 1990s. Dr Niblett's post was made redundant in 1990.
For some of this work he used the Ferranti Pegasus computer at the Admiralty Research Laboratory in Teddington. He was involved with the logic designer for the Poseidon and F1600 computers and in the generation of support software, such as bootstrap from paper tape program input routines and hardware test programs. It was during this time that Ferranti sold its commercial interests in the manufacture of computers to ICL and the Bracknell Division specialised in real-time systems for Ferranti. Peter Niblett was put in charge of all program development for the Bracknell Division at the start of a period of rapid growth.
During this time, Niblett’s team was involved in the setting-to-work of systems in shipyards during construction and at sea on formal trials. Niblett became concerned with the management of software development and the definition of standards and procedures. These standards were then used for operational program development to meet stringent demands from the Ministry of Defence. On the technical side he initiated the development of the FIXPAC (Fixed Point Autocode).
Dr Niblett was involved in the specification of real-time supervisors, the range of library routines and their comprehensive testing for accuracy. The growth of the internal computing facilities and their operation to meet the increasing need for program development time was a significant responsibility.
In 1974, it became necessary for the Bracknell Division to open offices in Cwmbran, South Wales. Niblett set up a programming operation there, which grew rapidly. He also undertook the provision of software development tools and hardware test programs for the whole of the Bracknell Division. In the early 1980s a Divisional reorganisation took place and a significant hardware development capability was brought to Cwmbran to support the whole of the Division.
Eventually Niblett ceased his line management role and became a Software Consultant, reporting directly to the Bracknell Divisional Manager. In this capacity he became more concerned with computer facilities for management as well as for technical staff as well as with many new technical developments such as Expert Systems and security issues. He also became involved with moves to maximise the benefits of closer cooperation between the Ferranti Bracknell and the Ferranti Wythenshawe technical staff. The Ferranti Company was in financial difficulties in the early 1990s. Dr Niblett's post was made redundant in 1990.
Date
1960-1985
Scope and ContentPapers relating to the development of programming systems by Dr Peter Niblett and the computing team at the Computer Division of Ferranti International plc.
Extent1.5 linear metres
Physical descriptionGood
LanguageEnglish
Archival historyDocuments collected by Dr Niblett during the course of his research work at Ferranti Ltd and later donated by him to the museum.
Two further documents were sent to the Museum in January 2020 by Peter Niblett. These have been added to the collection as an accrual.
Two further documents were sent to the Museum in January 2020 by Peter Niblett. These have been added to the collection as an accrual.
Levelfonds
Repository nameScience and Industry Museum
Associated people and organisationsFerranti International plc
Ferranti International plc was an electrical engineering company originally established in 1883 as S Z de Ferranti.
Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti had previously worked for Siemens Brothers in London before starting his first company, Ferranti, Thompson and Ince Ltd, in 1882 to manufacture alternators. When this company was wound up in 1883, de Ferranti bought back his patents in his alternator design and set up S Z de Ferranti with C P Sparks the same year. The business became a limited liability company in 1889, changing name to S Z de Ferranti Ltd.
In 1896, the company moved from London to new premises in Hollinwood, Oldham, where land and labour were cheaper. In 1901, a new company name, Ferranti Ltd, was registered. Ferranti Ltd acquired the undertakings and assets of S Z de Ferranti Ltd the same year.
The company ran into financial difficulties in 1903, largely through the investment in developing steam engines and dynamos. At the instigation of the debenture stockholders the company went into voluntary receivership. In 1905, the company was relaunched under a scheme of reconstruction, with production limited to the manufacture of switch gear, transformers and instruments. De Ferranti himself took a less active role in the running of the reconstituted company.
Ferranti Ltd expanded its output in 1912 from electricity generating and distribution equipment to include electrical domestic appliances, establishing the Domestic Appliance Department. Expansion overseas began in 1913 when the Ferranti Electric Company of Canada was created as a separate business to the main company.
By 1914, Ferranti Ltd was spread over several sites. It suspended normal production during the First World War and concentrated on the manufacture of shells. This was the first of Ferranti’s government defence contracts.
The 1920s saw a resumption of manufacturing of civilian products. In 1923, production of audio frequency transformers signalled Ferranti Ltd’s move into electronics. In 1926, the company resumed manufacturing domestic appliances, beginning with electric fires, and began trading in the United States as Ferranti Electric Inc, New York. 1927 saw the re-establishment of the Domestic Appliance Department. In 1929, Ferranti Ltd began producing commercial radio receivers and in 1935 established its Moston radio factory, to which the Domestic Appliance Department moved in 1937. Shortly afterwards, television manufacturing started at the Moston site.
Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti died in 1930, and his son Vincent de Ferranti became company chairman in his place. During the 1930s, the company became closely associated with devices that would feature strongly in the Second World War, including thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) used in radios and radar, avionics and naval instruments. During the Second World War, Ferranti Ltd produced marine radar equipment, gyro gun sights for fighters and one of the world’s first IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) radar systems, which reduced the possibility of firing on friendly aircraft or ships. In 1943, the company opened its Edinburgh factory to manufacture gyro gun sights. The Edinburgh site would become Ferranti Ltd’s hub for the manufacture of military defence equipment.
Ferranti Ltd retained its interest in the defence sector after the Second World War. From 1948, the company began to develop guided missiles, especially the Bloodhound, at the Moston factory and later at the Wythenshawe factory. While the defence and communication market expanded throughout the 1950s, domestic products became unprofitable and were dropped. The company sold its radio and television interests to E K Cole Ltd in 1957, and the Domestic Appliance Department closed the following year. Ferranti became increasingly associated with ‘high-tech’ devices, including microwave communications equipment built at Poynton, near Stockport.
Ferranti Ltd moved into computing in 1949, with the establishment of the Computer Department. The department produced the first Ferranti Mark I computer, a commercial version of the ‘Baby’ computer developed by Manchester University, at the Moston factory in 1951. It was the world’s first commercially produced computer. Computer production moved to a factory in West Gorton in 1956, but the Computer Division was sold to International Computers and Tabulators Ltd (ICT) in 1963. Other sections of the company continued to develop computer technology for more specialised applications. Ferranti Ltd also invested in semiconductor research, leading to its development of the first European microprocessor, the F-100L, at its Bracknell plant. Ferranti Ltd also produced non-standard silicon chips to suit individual customers’ needs.
The Hollinwood factory continued to produce generating plant, such as large transformers, establishing the Distribution Transformer Department in 1957. This department operated until 1967.
By 1975 the company was in financial difficulty and the British Government bought a 50% stake in Ferranti Ltd to enable the company to continue developing its telecommunications and computerised control systems. In 1984, the company was restructured into five operating divisions: Ferranti Defence Systems, Ferranti Industrial Electronics, Ferranti Computer Systems, Ferranti Electronics, and Ferranti Instrumentation.
Ferranti Ltd merged with the US based International Signals and Control Group in 1987. The company traded very briefly as Ferranti plc in May 1988, prior to its official name change to Ferranti International Signal plc. The US company had been over-valued because of fraudulent practice. This affected the operation of the newly formed company, and the Defence and Guided Weapons Divisions were sold off to competitors in the area of defence work. Following the discovery of the fraud in 1989, Ferranti International Signal plc was renamed Ferranti International plc in 1990.
The fraud amounted to a loss to Ferranti of £215 million as a result of this the company began legal proceedings against the former Chairman of International Signals & Control Mr James Guerin and three other senior employees. Ferranti were successful and Mr Guerin was ordered to pay $189.9 million to the Ferranti group. A similar judgement was given against the others who were also ordered to repay $189.9 million to the group.
As a consequence of the fraud Ferranti had to dispose of several of its interests in order to raise badly needed cash to reduce its debt burden. Amongst the companies sold were Ferranti Defence Systems Group to the General Electric Company. The Italian companies owned by Ferranti International plc were sold to Finmeccancia plc. Various other smaller interests, including civil computer maintenance, Dundee components and laser business, and a joint venture Thomson-CSF SA were also sold.
Not all the money was recovered, and on 1 December 1993 Ferranti International plc went into receivership, with the remaining company divisions sold off.
Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti had previously worked for Siemens Brothers in London before starting his first company, Ferranti, Thompson and Ince Ltd, in 1882 to manufacture alternators. When this company was wound up in 1883, de Ferranti bought back his patents in his alternator design and set up S Z de Ferranti with C P Sparks the same year. The business became a limited liability company in 1889, changing name to S Z de Ferranti Ltd.
In 1896, the company moved from London to new premises in Hollinwood, Oldham, where land and labour were cheaper. In 1901, a new company name, Ferranti Ltd, was registered. Ferranti Ltd acquired the undertakings and assets of S Z de Ferranti Ltd the same year.
The company ran into financial difficulties in 1903, largely through the investment in developing steam engines and dynamos. At the instigation of the debenture stockholders the company went into voluntary receivership. In 1905, the company was relaunched under a scheme of reconstruction, with production limited to the manufacture of switch gear, transformers and instruments. De Ferranti himself took a less active role in the running of the reconstituted company.
Ferranti Ltd expanded its output in 1912 from electricity generating and distribution equipment to include electrical domestic appliances, establishing the Domestic Appliance Department. Expansion overseas began in 1913 when the Ferranti Electric Company of Canada was created as a separate business to the main company.
By 1914, Ferranti Ltd was spread over several sites. It suspended normal production during the First World War and concentrated on the manufacture of shells. This was the first of Ferranti’s government defence contracts.
The 1920s saw a resumption of manufacturing of civilian products. In 1923, production of audio frequency transformers signalled Ferranti Ltd’s move into electronics. In 1926, the company resumed manufacturing domestic appliances, beginning with electric fires, and began trading in the United States as Ferranti Electric Inc, New York. 1927 saw the re-establishment of the Domestic Appliance Department. In 1929, Ferranti Ltd began producing commercial radio receivers and in 1935 established its Moston radio factory, to which the Domestic Appliance Department moved in 1937. Shortly afterwards, television manufacturing started at the Moston site.
Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti died in 1930, and his son Vincent de Ferranti became company chairman in his place. During the 1930s, the company became closely associated with devices that would feature strongly in the Second World War, including thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) used in radios and radar, avionics and naval instruments. During the Second World War, Ferranti Ltd produced marine radar equipment, gyro gun sights for fighters and one of the world’s first IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) radar systems, which reduced the possibility of firing on friendly aircraft or ships. In 1943, the company opened its Edinburgh factory to manufacture gyro gun sights. The Edinburgh site would become Ferranti Ltd’s hub for the manufacture of military defence equipment.
Ferranti Ltd retained its interest in the defence sector after the Second World War. From 1948, the company began to develop guided missiles, especially the Bloodhound, at the Moston factory and later at the Wythenshawe factory. While the defence and communication market expanded throughout the 1950s, domestic products became unprofitable and were dropped. The company sold its radio and television interests to E K Cole Ltd in 1957, and the Domestic Appliance Department closed the following year. Ferranti became increasingly associated with ‘high-tech’ devices, including microwave communications equipment built at Poynton, near Stockport.
Ferranti Ltd moved into computing in 1949, with the establishment of the Computer Department. The department produced the first Ferranti Mark I computer, a commercial version of the ‘Baby’ computer developed by Manchester University, at the Moston factory in 1951. It was the world’s first commercially produced computer. Computer production moved to a factory in West Gorton in 1956, but the Computer Division was sold to International Computers and Tabulators Ltd (ICT) in 1963. Other sections of the company continued to develop computer technology for more specialised applications. Ferranti Ltd also invested in semiconductor research, leading to its development of the first European microprocessor, the F-100L, at its Bracknell plant. Ferranti Ltd also produced non-standard silicon chips to suit individual customers’ needs.
The Hollinwood factory continued to produce generating plant, such as large transformers, establishing the Distribution Transformer Department in 1957. This department operated until 1967.
By 1975 the company was in financial difficulty and the British Government bought a 50% stake in Ferranti Ltd to enable the company to continue developing its telecommunications and computerised control systems. In 1984, the company was restructured into five operating divisions: Ferranti Defence Systems, Ferranti Industrial Electronics, Ferranti Computer Systems, Ferranti Electronics, and Ferranti Instrumentation.
Ferranti Ltd merged with the US based International Signals and Control Group in 1987. The company traded very briefly as Ferranti plc in May 1988, prior to its official name change to Ferranti International Signal plc. The US company had been over-valued because of fraudulent practice. This affected the operation of the newly formed company, and the Defence and Guided Weapons Divisions were sold off to competitors in the area of defence work. Following the discovery of the fraud in 1989, Ferranti International Signal plc was renamed Ferranti International plc in 1990.
The fraud amounted to a loss to Ferranti of £215 million as a result of this the company began legal proceedings against the former Chairman of International Signals & Control Mr James Guerin and three other senior employees. Ferranti were successful and Mr Guerin was ordered to pay $189.9 million to the Ferranti group. A similar judgement was given against the others who were also ordered to repay $189.9 million to the group.
As a consequence of the fraud Ferranti had to dispose of several of its interests in order to raise badly needed cash to reduce its debt burden. Amongst the companies sold were Ferranti Defence Systems Group to the General Electric Company. The Italian companies owned by Ferranti International plc were sold to Finmeccancia plc. Various other smaller interests, including civil computer maintenance, Dundee components and laser business, and a joint venture Thomson-CSF SA were also sold.
Not all the money was recovered, and on 1 December 1993 Ferranti International plc went into receivership, with the remaining company divisions sold off.
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