Newspaper Cutting - 'Four Miles High'
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- Log book for Avro Avian 594 Mk 4 Log book for Avro Avian.
- Aviation drawings of the AVRO Avian Mk IVM and the BAC TSR2 aircraft Aviation drawings, including AVRO Avian.
- Bagshaw Collection of Aviation Photographs and Publications A collection of photographs and documents related to aircraft designed and built by A.V. Roe and Co Ltd. Includes the Avian.
- Collection of photographs relating to AVRO Photographs relating to AVRO Triplane and AVRO Avian restoration projects.
- Photographs and Postcard Depicting Avro Avian and Cadet Aircraft 1 postcard and 6 photographic prints showing Avro Avian and Avro Cadet aircraft by an unknown photographer, c1929-c1939.
TitleNewspaper Cutting - 'Four Miles High'
ReferenceYA2008.28
CreatorThe Observer, newspaper
Founded in 1791 by WS Bourne, The Observer is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper. Initially the paper lost money, and Bourne attempted to sell it to the government of the day. They declined, but the newspaper survived. Over the course of the next century, The Observer became increasingly sober, steering away from the gossip and government propaganda that were a feature in its early years.
High-profile moments in the paper's history included proprietor William Innell Clement reporting on the criminal proceedings against the Cato Street Conspirators, despite a government ban, and the exposure of Count Esterhazy's forgery of letters leading to the Dreyfus Affair.
From 1891 until 1903 The Observer was edited by Rachel Beer, whose husband Frederick Beer was then the proprietor. Beer became the first woman to edit a national newspaper, and from 1893, combined the role with that of editor The Sunday Times.
Lord Northcliffe acquired The Observer when Frederick Beer died in 1903. He appointed JL Garvin as editor. Under Garvin circulation rapidly increased from 5000 to 40,000, however political differences between Northcliffe and his editor led to the sale of the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911. Astor transferred ownership to his son, who in turn transferred it to his son David Astor in 1948. David Astor became the paper's editor, remaining in the role for 27 years. He tried to ensure The Observer's political neutrality, handing ownership to a trust.
Under David Astor contributors to the paper included George Orwell, Conor Cruise O'Brien, the notorious Kim Philby, photographers Don McCullin (freelance) and Jane Bown.
Between 1977 and 1993 the paper was owned by two large international companies, first Atlantic Richfield and then Lonhro. Increasing competition after the foundation of rival paper The Independent on Sunday eventually saw The Observer bought by the Guardian Media Group in 1993.
Changes since 2000 included moving to the Berliner format and becoming the UK's only full colour Sunday newspaper in 2006, being the first newspaper to record its own decisions via a blog from 2005 and the first to create a podcast.
In late 2008 The Observer moved to new offices shared with The Guardian in King's Cross, London.
High-profile moments in the paper's history included proprietor William Innell Clement reporting on the criminal proceedings against the Cato Street Conspirators, despite a government ban, and the exposure of Count Esterhazy's forgery of letters leading to the Dreyfus Affair.
From 1891 until 1903 The Observer was edited by Rachel Beer, whose husband Frederick Beer was then the proprietor. Beer became the first woman to edit a national newspaper, and from 1893, combined the role with that of editor The Sunday Times.
Lord Northcliffe acquired The Observer when Frederick Beer died in 1903. He appointed JL Garvin as editor. Under Garvin circulation rapidly increased from 5000 to 40,000, however political differences between Northcliffe and his editor led to the sale of the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911. Astor transferred ownership to his son, who in turn transferred it to his son David Astor in 1948. David Astor became the paper's editor, remaining in the role for 27 years. He tried to ensure The Observer's political neutrality, handing ownership to a trust.
Under David Astor contributors to the paper included George Orwell, Conor Cruise O'Brien, the notorious Kim Philby, photographers Don McCullin (freelance) and Jane Bown.
Between 1977 and 1993 the paper was owned by two large international companies, first Atlantic Richfield and then Lonhro. Increasing competition after the foundation of rival paper The Independent on Sunday eventually saw The Observer bought by the Guardian Media Group in 1993.
Changes since 2000 included moving to the Berliner format and becoming the UK's only full colour Sunday newspaper in 2006, being the first newspaper to record its own decisions via a blog from 2005 and the first to create a podcast.
In late 2008 The Observer moved to new offices shared with The Guardian in King's Cross, London.
Date
9 October 1927
Scope and ContentA newspaper cutting from The Observer, relating to the 1927 World Height Record for a Light Aircraft piloted by Mrs Elliot-Lynn, attained in an Avro Avian.
Physical descriptionThe item is in a fair condition.
LanguageEnglish
Archival historyGift of Alan G Self.
LevelItem
Repository nameScience and Industry Museum
Associated people and organisationsA V Roe & Co Ltd
A V Roe and Co Ltd, more commonly known as Avro, was an aircraft manufacturer based in Manchester. One of the first manufacturers of aircraft, the company operated from 1910 until 1963. Avro was founded by brothers Alliott and Humphrey Verdon Roe and was based originally in the basement of the Everards Elastic Webbing Company's factory at Brownsfield Mill in Ancoats, Manchester. Avro also rented a shed at Brooklands airfield, where the finished aircraft were sold.
Alliott Verson Roe was the aircraft designer, having already constructed a successful aircraft, the Roe I Triplane, in 1909. The Roe I was the first aircraft completely built from British components. Previous aircraft designs had used parts imported from overseas.
Humphrey Verdon Roe was the managing director of the company, bringing funding for the new enterprise from the family webbing company that he also ran.
In 1911 Roy Chadwick joined the company as Alliott’s personal assistant, working as a draughtsman. Chadwick became the firm's Chief Designer in 1918.
The Avro 500, or Avro E, was the company's first mass produced aircraft. It took its first flight in March 1912. Eighteen of these were built, with most of them entering service with the Royal Flying Corps. In the same year, Avro prototyped the Avro F and Avro G, which were the world's first aircraft with fully enclosed crew accommodation, but neither went into production.
September 1913 saw the first flight of the Avro 504. This was a development of the Avro 500 and was purchased by the War Office. As a result, it would see front line service during the early years of the First World War, but was later used primarily for training pilots. The Avro 504 was manufactured for a period of 20 years, with 8,340 being produced in total. The success of the Avro 504 led the company to move to a factory in Miles Platting, Manchester, followed in 1914 by an extension to the company's new works at Newton Heath, which was completed in 1919.
Following the end of the First World War the lack of new orders caused severe financial problems for Avro and in August 1920 68.5% of the company’s shares were acquired by Crossley Motors, who needed additional factory space to build automobile bodies. Avro continued to operate, building aircraft at the Newton Heath works, and testing them at Alexandra Park Aerodrome in South Manchester until 1924, when flight testing moved to Woodford Aerodrome in Cheshire.
In 1928, Crossley Motors sold their stake in Avro to Armstrong Siddeley in order to pay off losses they had incurred on other projects. Avro became part of the Armstrong Siddeley Development Company, prompting Alliott Verdon Roe's resignation from the company. Chief Designer Roy Chadwick remained at Avro, overseeing the production of training aircraft. Chadwick designed the Avro Tutor in 1930, followed by the twin engine Avro 652, which was later developed into the multirole Avro Anson. The Tutor was bought in large quantities by the RAF.
In 1935, Avro became a subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley.
As tensions in Europe increased, resulting in the outbreak of the Second World War, Avro returned to the production of military aircraft, producing the Avro Manchester, Lancaster and Lincoln bombers. The twin engine Manchester was unsuccessful, partly due to its Vulture engines. Replacing the Vultures with four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines resulted in the more successful Lancaster. 7,377 of these were produced and saw active service during the war. In 1944, the Lancaster was further developed into the Lincoln, the last piston engine bomber in Royal Air Force service.
In order to meet rising demand Avro opened a new factory at Greengate, Chadderton, in 1938, where almost half of all Avro Lancasters were produced, with final assembly at Woodford Aerodrome. The following year, Avro also established an experimental department at RAF Ringway, now known as Manchester Airport, and a shadow factory at Yeadon Aerodrome, now Leeds-Bradford Airport. The Yeadon factory produced 5,500 aircraft including Ansons, Lancasters, Yorks and Lincolns.
Towards the end of the Second World War, Avro put into production a number of civil airliners, in order to make up for a drop in military orders. One of these designs was the Lancastrian, which was a conversion of the Lancaster bomber. The second was the Avro York, which was also based on the Lancaster but used a different fuselage. Production of this would be limited until 1944 due to the focus on military aircraft. The final design that the company produced was the Tudor. This used many components from the Lincoln but suffered from the fact that it wasn’t sufficiently advanced when compared to existing designs and as a result it did not achieve many orders. Despite this both the York and Tudor were used in the Berlin Airlift.
On 23rd August 1947 Roy Chadwick was killed in a crash involving a prototype Tudor 2 that was undergoing testing. Despite this his impact on the company continued, as he had already begun design work on a number of aircraft that Avro went on to produce.
In 1948 Avro produced the Tudor 8 which was powered by four Nene jet engines. This design retained the tail wheel undercarriage, which placed the engine exhausts close to the ground. As a result, the company replaced this with a tricycle undercarriage for the Tudor 9. The design became known as the Avro Ashton, which first flew in 1950. Although this was one of the first jet transport aircraft it was primarily used for research and it was not intended to enter service.
On 30th August 1952 the Avro 698 made its first flight. This was a four engine jet bomber that had been developed to replace existing piston engine designs. Further development of the design resulted in the Avro 707 and the Avro 710. The 710 was not put into full production as it was considered too time consuming to develop. The 698 entered service in 1956 under the name Vulcan, with an improved B.2 version introduced in 1960. The Avro Vulcan was retired in 1984 after having only being using in combat once, during the 1982 Falklands War.
During the late 1950s the company developed the 748 turbo-prop airliner. This successful design was sold around the world and was later developed into the Ashton transport by Hawker Siddeley. The same period also saw the company’s weapons research division begin development of the Blue Steel nuclear missile.
During 1963, parent company Hawker Siddeley restructured its aviation subsidiaries. Each subsidiary had operated under its own brand name, but from July 1963 all subsidiaries were merged into Hawker Siddeley's Aviation Division, which was operated as a single brand. The missile division of the company would become part of the Dynamics Division. Avro as a company ceased to exist, but the Avro was later reused by British Aerospace for their 146 regional airliner, known as the Avro RJ.
Alliott Verson Roe was the aircraft designer, having already constructed a successful aircraft, the Roe I Triplane, in 1909. The Roe I was the first aircraft completely built from British components. Previous aircraft designs had used parts imported from overseas.
Humphrey Verdon Roe was the managing director of the company, bringing funding for the new enterprise from the family webbing company that he also ran.
In 1911 Roy Chadwick joined the company as Alliott’s personal assistant, working as a draughtsman. Chadwick became the firm's Chief Designer in 1918.
The Avro 500, or Avro E, was the company's first mass produced aircraft. It took its first flight in March 1912. Eighteen of these were built, with most of them entering service with the Royal Flying Corps. In the same year, Avro prototyped the Avro F and Avro G, which were the world's first aircraft with fully enclosed crew accommodation, but neither went into production.
September 1913 saw the first flight of the Avro 504. This was a development of the Avro 500 and was purchased by the War Office. As a result, it would see front line service during the early years of the First World War, but was later used primarily for training pilots. The Avro 504 was manufactured for a period of 20 years, with 8,340 being produced in total. The success of the Avro 504 led the company to move to a factory in Miles Platting, Manchester, followed in 1914 by an extension to the company's new works at Newton Heath, which was completed in 1919.
Following the end of the First World War the lack of new orders caused severe financial problems for Avro and in August 1920 68.5% of the company’s shares were acquired by Crossley Motors, who needed additional factory space to build automobile bodies. Avro continued to operate, building aircraft at the Newton Heath works, and testing them at Alexandra Park Aerodrome in South Manchester until 1924, when flight testing moved to Woodford Aerodrome in Cheshire.
In 1928, Crossley Motors sold their stake in Avro to Armstrong Siddeley in order to pay off losses they had incurred on other projects. Avro became part of the Armstrong Siddeley Development Company, prompting Alliott Verdon Roe's resignation from the company. Chief Designer Roy Chadwick remained at Avro, overseeing the production of training aircraft. Chadwick designed the Avro Tutor in 1930, followed by the twin engine Avro 652, which was later developed into the multirole Avro Anson. The Tutor was bought in large quantities by the RAF.
In 1935, Avro became a subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley.
As tensions in Europe increased, resulting in the outbreak of the Second World War, Avro returned to the production of military aircraft, producing the Avro Manchester, Lancaster and Lincoln bombers. The twin engine Manchester was unsuccessful, partly due to its Vulture engines. Replacing the Vultures with four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines resulted in the more successful Lancaster. 7,377 of these were produced and saw active service during the war. In 1944, the Lancaster was further developed into the Lincoln, the last piston engine bomber in Royal Air Force service.
In order to meet rising demand Avro opened a new factory at Greengate, Chadderton, in 1938, where almost half of all Avro Lancasters were produced, with final assembly at Woodford Aerodrome. The following year, Avro also established an experimental department at RAF Ringway, now known as Manchester Airport, and a shadow factory at Yeadon Aerodrome, now Leeds-Bradford Airport. The Yeadon factory produced 5,500 aircraft including Ansons, Lancasters, Yorks and Lincolns.
Towards the end of the Second World War, Avro put into production a number of civil airliners, in order to make up for a drop in military orders. One of these designs was the Lancastrian, which was a conversion of the Lancaster bomber. The second was the Avro York, which was also based on the Lancaster but used a different fuselage. Production of this would be limited until 1944 due to the focus on military aircraft. The final design that the company produced was the Tudor. This used many components from the Lincoln but suffered from the fact that it wasn’t sufficiently advanced when compared to existing designs and as a result it did not achieve many orders. Despite this both the York and Tudor were used in the Berlin Airlift.
On 23rd August 1947 Roy Chadwick was killed in a crash involving a prototype Tudor 2 that was undergoing testing. Despite this his impact on the company continued, as he had already begun design work on a number of aircraft that Avro went on to produce.
In 1948 Avro produced the Tudor 8 which was powered by four Nene jet engines. This design retained the tail wheel undercarriage, which placed the engine exhausts close to the ground. As a result, the company replaced this with a tricycle undercarriage for the Tudor 9. The design became known as the Avro Ashton, which first flew in 1950. Although this was one of the first jet transport aircraft it was primarily used for research and it was not intended to enter service.
On 30th August 1952 the Avro 698 made its first flight. This was a four engine jet bomber that had been developed to replace existing piston engine designs. Further development of the design resulted in the Avro 707 and the Avro 710. The 710 was not put into full production as it was considered too time consuming to develop. The 698 entered service in 1956 under the name Vulcan, with an improved B.2 version introduced in 1960. The Avro Vulcan was retired in 1984 after having only being using in combat once, during the 1982 Falklands War.
During the late 1950s the company developed the 748 turbo-prop airliner. This successful design was sold around the world and was later developed into the Ashton transport by Hawker Siddeley. The same period also saw the company’s weapons research division begin development of the Blue Steel nuclear missile.
During 1963, parent company Hawker Siddeley restructured its aviation subsidiaries. Each subsidiary had operated under its own brand name, but from July 1963 all subsidiaries were merged into Hawker Siddeley's Aviation Division, which was operated as a single brand. The missile division of the company would become part of the Dynamics Division. Avro as a company ceased to exist, but the Avro was later reused by British Aerospace for their 146 regional airliner, known as the Avro RJ.
SubjectAeronautics
Conditions governing accessOpen access.
Conditions governing ReproductionCopies may be supplied in accordance with current copyright legislation and Science Museum Group terms and conditions.
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